{"id":28701,"date":"2023-02-20T17:30:07","date_gmt":"2023-02-20T11:45:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sabitatimalsina.com.np\/sabi\/?p=28701"},"modified":"2023-04-04T11:04:37","modified_gmt":"2023-04-04T05:19:37","slug":"computer-fundamental-and-applicationbca-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sabitatimalsina.com.np\/sabi\/computer-fundamental-and-applicationbca-i\/","title":{"rendered":"COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLICATION(BCA -I)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNIT-1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM<\/strong>
Contents: Introduction to Computer, Characteristics, Applications and Classification of Computer, Mobile Computing, Anatomy of a Digital Computer, Computer Architecture, Memory and its Classification, Input and Output Devices, Interfaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

INTRODUCTION
A computer is an electronic machine that takes input from a user, processes the given input and generates output in the form of useful information.
A computer accepts inputs in many forms such as data, programs and user reply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DATA -> raw details that require processing for generating useful information
PROGRAM -> set of instructions that can be executed by computer in sequential or non-sequential order
USER REPLY -> input provided by the user in response to query asked by computer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CHARACTERISTICS<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Speed
    A computer can do any tasks in fractions of a second. The speed of the computer is based on its hardware configuration.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Storage Capacity
    A computer can store a huge amount of data in many different formats.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Accuracy
    A computer carries out any calculation with a 100% accuracy. However, this depends on the configuration of the system and instruction from the user.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Reliability
    A computer process results with 0 error. Mostly the error generated in the computer is due to the user\u2019s fault.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Diligence
    A computer can be set to perform repetitive tasks for numerous times and the result will always be displayed with the same accuracy and efficiency. Computers aren\u2019t affected by human traits like dizziness, fatigue, distraction, tiredness, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Versatility
    The same computer can be used for many different tasks for many different purposes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1.First Generation Computer
    Employed: 1940 \u2013 1956
    Technology used: Vacuum Tube
    Tasks done: Mathematical Calculation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Advantages: fast computing in their time, executed complex mathematical problems in an efficient manner
    Disadvantages: Operated on machine language (0s and 1s), not flexible for running different applications, large and bulky in size and consumed high power<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Second Generation Computer
      Employed: 1956 \u2013 1963
      Technology Used: Transistors
      Improvements: development of printer, secondary storage, operating system technology, replacement of machine language with assembly language
      Tasks done: Mathematical Calculation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Advantages: fast computing in their time, easy to program (assembly language), smaller in size and consumed less power
      Disadvantages: I\/O devices not improved to a considerable extent, generated a huge amount of heat, beyond the access of households<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. Third Generation Computer
        Employed: 1964 \u2013 1975
        Technology Used: Integrated Circuits (I.C.)
        Improvements: I.C.s made the size of computer smaller, performance efficient and faster and reliable<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Advantages: computational time reduced to nano-seconds, use of high-level language
        Disadvantages: low storage, costly<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        1. Fourth Generation Computer
          Employed: 1975 \u2013 1989
          Technology Used: LSI, VLSI
          Improvements: GUI, new Operating System, development of LAN<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          Advantages: Size and cost minimized, accessible by home users
          Disadvantages: complex microprocessor design and fabrication,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          1. Fifth Generation Computer
            Employed: 1989 onwards
            Technology used: ULSI
            Improvements: portable computers \u2013 laptop, pocket computer, PDA, etc. developed, developed parallel processing, invention of optical disk technology, Internet invented<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            Advantages: True AI, advanced parallel processing, portability, superconductor technology
            Disadvantages: sophisticated and complex tools<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
            S.No. Basis of Classification Types
            1 Operating Principle Analog, Digital, Hybrid
            2 Application General Purpose, Special Purpose
            3 Size and Capacity Micro, Mini, Mainframe, Super Computer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            ANATOMY OF DIGITAL COMPUTER
            Architecture of Digital Computer
            Figure: Vonn-Neuman Architecture\/ Block Diagram of Computer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            1. Central Processing Unit
              It is responsible for processing the data inside the computer system. It is also responsible for controlling all other components of the system.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              The main operation of the CPU includes four phases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u2013 Fetching instruction from memory
              \u2013 Decoding the instruction to decide what operation are to be performed
              \u2013 Executing Instructions
              \u2013 Storing the result back into memory<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              CPU: fetch, decode, execute, store CYCLE
              Figure: CPU Cycle
              Components of CPU<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              1. Arithmetic\/ Logical Unit
                ALU does arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The arithmetic unit takes input instruction in the following form:
                opcode + operand + format code
                opcode \u2013 operation
                operand \u2013 data
                format code \u2013 format of the operand, e.g. fixed-point or floating-point<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                The logical unit operates the data logically. Logical operations include greater than (>), less than (<), equals to (=), not equal to (! =), shift left, shift right, etc. This unit makes use of logical gates (AND, OR, NAND, NOR, etc.) to perform logical operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                1. Control Unit
                  This unit of CPU controls the flow of data and information. It maintains the sequence of operation being performed by the CPU. The control unit fetched instruction from storage area, decode the instructions and transmit the corresponding signal to ALU and the storage registers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                2. Main Memory
                  (discussed below)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                3. Memory<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                4. Main Memory
                  RAM is the primary or main memory. It is volatile in nature and holds the data for a short period of time only, that is only until the system is running. Files and instructions are saved in different secondary storage systems and they are fetched to the RAM before the execution. This technique is known as swapping. Memory space available in the main memory directly affects the speed of the computer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                5. Cache Memory
                  It is the smallest and fastest form of memory. The contents that require to be fetched frequently are stored in the cache memory. Therefore, the processor before looking for the content in RAM checks here and goes to RAM only if the content isn\u2019t available here.
                  Cache memory is always placed between RAM and the processor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                6. Register
                  There are special-purpose temporary storage units which are called registers. They are the form of memory with the highest transfer speed. These registers are used for holding instructions, data and intermediate results that are currently being processed.
                  Examples: Program Counter (PC), Instruction Register, Memory Address Register, Memory Buffer Register, Memory Data Register, Accumulator, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                7. Input Device
                  They are the computer peripherals that are used to send input signals to the computer for processing. The basic input device is keyboard.
                  Example: mouse, scanner, digital camera, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                8. Output Device
                  They are the computer peripherals that are used to display the results of the processed data. The basic output device is monitor.
                  Example: speaker, printer, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                9. Mass Storage Device
                  They are the peripherals that are used to store the processed data for future references.
                  Example: Hard Drive, Solid State Drive, flash drive, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                  MEMORY AND STORAGE SYSTEM
                  Besides processing data and getting the results for immediate use computer is used for storing data as well. Therefore, there are two types of memory in a computer system, one for storing data that are currently being handled by the CPU and another for storing data and results for future reference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  The storage system used for handling the running process is called primary memory. They are temporary in nature. And the storage which is used to store data and information for longer-term is called secondary memory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  The data and information held by the primary memory can be directly accessed by the CPU using data and address buses. However, the data stored in the secondary memory is to be fetched to the primary memory through I\/O channel first and the CPU reads the data from the secondary memory via the primary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  There is a third type of memory as well which is known as internal process memory. These are placed either near to the CPU or inside the CPU itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  types of memory
                  Figure: Types of Memory
                  Memory Representation
                  1 Byte = 8 Bits
                  1 KB = 1024 Bytes
                  1 MB = 1024 KB = 1048576 Bytes
                  1 GB = 1024 MB = 1073741824 Bytes
                  1 TB = 1024 GB = 1099511627776 Bytes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Primary Memory<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Types of Memory
                  Types of Memory<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  1. RAM
                    It is volatile in nature and loses all its content once the power of the computer is turned off. Hence RAM is used for storing the data and instructions only during the processing. Unlike Secondary form of memory, it is faster in data transfer. It is the internal memory. It is also called Read\/ Write memory as it can perform both read and write operations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                    Ram can be further categorized into two types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Types of Ram
                    Figure: Types of RAM
                    i. SRAM
                    In this type of RAM data is stored only until the power of the computer is on. It uses numbers of transistors to store a single bit of data. Based on the functioning nature it can be further classified as<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    a. Asynchronous SRAM
                    It performs operations without the use of a system clock. It makes use of three signals for working, i.e. chip select (CS), write enable (WE) and output-enable (OE).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    b. Burst SRAM
                    It works in association with the system clock. Therefore, it is also known as synchronous SRAM. It is used with high-speed applications as the read and writes cycles are synchronized with the clock cycle of the processor. The access waiting time gets reduced after the read and write cycle are synchronized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    c. Pipeline Burst SRAM
                    It uses the pipeline technology in which a large amount of data is broken up into different packets containing data. These packets are arranged in a sequential manner in a pipeline form and are sent to the processor simultaneously. It can handle a large amount of data at a very high speed. In fact, it is the fastest form of SRAM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    ii. Dynamic SRAM
                    In this type of RAM, data is stored in a storage cell consisting of transistors and capacitors. Unlike SRAM, DRAM needs to be refreshed continuously with the power supply because the capacitor has the tendency to get discharged. The DRAM is of four types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    i. Synchronous DRAM
                    It performs operations in association with the system clock cycle. It is used with the processor for storing data continuous manner. The continuous form of data storage helps in processing a greater number of instructions per unit time which ultimately increases the speed of data transfer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    ii. Rombus DRAM
                    It contains multiple addresses and data line that helps in increasing the data access speed. It is faster than Synchronous DRAM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    iii. Extended Data Out DRAM
                    It can access more than a bit of data at a time which helps in increasing data access rate. It allows to perform various tasks at a time such as read and write.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    iv. Fast Page Mode DRAM
                    It makes use of paging in which read and write operation is performed by selecting the address of data from rows and columns of the matrix. Use of paging doesn\u2019t allow the use of bus at the memory of 66 MHz because of which reading and writing data from matrix consumes a lot of time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    1. ROM
                      ROM stores data permanently. This means unlike RAM; it can retain data even after the computer is turned off. Generally, contents of ROM cannot be erased, modified or changed. Devices such as calculator, laser printer, etc. use ROM. It allows sequential access to data. It is divided into four types.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                      Types of ROM
                      Figure: Types of ROM
                      i. Programmable ROM (PROM)
                      It is a memory chip on which write operation can be performed only once. The data on this ROM is written permanently and cannot be erased afterwards. The writing process on such ROM is called \u2018Burning ROM\u2019. It is mostly used in video games and electronic dictionaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      ii. Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
                      In such type of ROM, data can be erased or destroyed using Ultra-Violet (UV) rays. In such, the facility of changing the content is available. It facilitates the storage of data for longer terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      iii. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)
                      It is the type of ROM in which data can be erased or destroyed electrically with the means of electric charge. Here, data can be written or read at the rate of one bit per unit time which makes it slow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      iv. Flash ROM (FROM)
                      It is a variation of EEPROM that uses floating gate transistors which can store data for a longer period of time. It is mainly used in mobile phones, digital cameras, etc. It is the fastest form of ROM. It uses continuous memory cells for storing data. It is of two types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      a. NAND Flash ROM
                      b. NOR Flash ROM<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      SECONDARY MEMORY\/ STORAGE SYSTEM<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \n
                      1. Magnetic Storage System<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                        i. Magnetic Tapes
                        They are plastic tapes with a magnetic coating that are used for data storage. They are similar to normal recording tapes which can be used for storing audio and video. Data can be accessed sequentially.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Advantages:
                        \u2013 low cost and high storage
                        \u2013 easily transportable
                        \u2013 easy to handle and store
                        Disadvantages:
                        \u2013 low data transmission due to a sequential transmission
                        \u2013 low life duration
                        \u2013 required protected environment for storage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        ii. Magnetic Disks
                        It is a flat disk covered with magnetic coating for holding information. It is used to store digital information in the form of small and magnetized needles. It is large in storage size and cheaper than RAM. It allows random access to data and provides the facility of erasing and recording data as many times as required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Structure of Magnetic Disk
                        Figure: Structure of Magnetic Disk
                        Advantages:
                        \u2013 High storage capacity and low cost
                        \u2013 Easy and direct access to data
                        \u2013 Less prone to corruption of data compared to magnetic tapes
                        Disadvantages:
                        \u2013 Prone to physical damage since it has a physical moving part
                        \u2013 Slower than SSDs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \n
                        1. Optical Storage System
                          This storage system uses the laser light as the optical medium to retrieve as well as record data.
                          Example: CD-ROM, DVD, CR-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                          They are non-volatile and reliable compare to magnetic tapes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          Advantages:
                          \u2013 Large storage capacity
                          \u2013 Longer life-span than magnetic tapes
                          \u2013 Low \u2018cost-per-bit\u2019 for storage
                          \u2013 Portable
                          Disadvantages:
                          \u2013 Prone to scratches which could disturb or totally prevent the driver to perform R\/W operations<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \n
                          1. Magneto-Optical System
                            It includes the features of both optical and magnetic disks. Its main objective is to store the data on personal computers for a longer period of time. It performs R\/W operation by making use of laser and optical technology. It has ferromagnetic particles enclosed in a plastic coating. The laser beam used for R\/W operation gets reflected due to magnetic surface of the disk.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                            It is slower in speed but its manufacturing cost is high.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \n
                            1. Solid State Drive (SSD)
                              It is the device that contains all the properties of a hard drive to store the data and uses the solid-state memory which has no moving part. It uses semiconductors to store data. Its main principle is to process data electronically. Since it has no mechanical moving part, the data access time is faster than that in HDD.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                              Advantages:
                              \u2013 Better performance \u2013 high access speed, random access of data, faster R\/W operation
                              \u2013 Low power consumption
                              \u2013 Highly reliable
                              \u2013 Small dimension\/ compact size
                              Disadvantages:
                              \u2013 High cost
                              \u2013 Lower capacity
                              \u2013 Low storage density
                              \u2013 Vulnerable \u2013 data loss, affected by power loss, electrostatic discharges and magnetic fields<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              INTERFACE
                              A system of interaction or communication between a computer and another entity such as printer, another computer network or a human user. Devices such as cable, network card, monitor or keyboard that enables interaction or communication between computer and other entity.
                              Interface is of three types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n
                              1. Hardware Interface
                                Hardware interface exists in many of the components such as buses, storage devices, other I\/O devices, etc. A hardware interface is described by mechanical, electrical and logical signal at the interface and protocols for sequencing them. Hardware interfaces can be parallel with several electrical connections carrying parts of data simultaneously or serially where data can be sent one bit at a time.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                Serial -> 1 bit at a time<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Parallel -> 1 word at a time<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \n
                                1. Software Interface
                                  A software interface may refer to a wide range of different types of interface at different types of interfaces at different levels \u2013 an operating system may interface with a piece of hardware; application or program running on the operating system may need to interact via data streams, filters and pipelines. In Object oriented program, object within an application may need to interact via methods.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                2. User Interface
                                  A user interface consisting of a set of dials, knobs, operating system commands, graphical display formats and other devices provided by a computer or a program to allow the users to communicate or use the computer or program. The popular means of user interface is Graphical User Interface (GUI) which provides pictorial (picture-oriented) way to interact with the system. GUI is easier to use and user-friendly interface.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                  MOBILE COMPUTING
                                  Mobile computing is human-interaction by which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage which allows transmission of data and information in different available forms. This involves mobile communication, mobile hardware and mobile software.
                                  \u2022 Mobile communication issues include ad-hoc networks and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies.
                                  \u2022 Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of a mobile application.
                                  Example: smartphone, smart card, laptop, wearable computer, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  Principles of Mobile Computing<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                    \n
                                  1. Portability \u2013 facilitate movement of device within the mobile computing environment<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  2. Connectivity \u2013 availability to continuous connection w\/ minimal lag & no interruption while movement<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  3. Social Interactivity \u2013 maintaining the connectivity to collaborate w\/ other users<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  4. Individuality \u2013 adapting technology to meet individual needs<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
                                    \n


                                    Unit-2: Computer Software
                                    Contents: Introduction to Software, Types of Software, Program vs Software, Computer Virus and
                                    Antivirus
                                    Introduction to Software
                                    Among the two major components of a computer system, Software is one while Hardware being the
                                    other. Software refers to set of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions for
                                    telling a computer what to do and how to do. It is a set of instructions that guides the hardware and tells
                                    it how to accomplish each task.
                                    Hardware refers to the physical equipment that are necessary for performing various operations such as
                                    storing results and providing output to users in desired form.
                                    Types of Software
                                    System Software
                                    It is type of computer software that is designed to operate the computer hardware so that the basic
                                    functionality and a platform for running application software is provided. Operating System and all other
                                    utility programs that manages computer resources at low level are system software.
                                    Example: BIOS (Basic Input\/ Output System) gets the computer system started after you turn it on, and it
                                    manages that data flow between operating system and other attached devices such as hard disk, video
                                    adapter, etc. System utilities such as the disk defragmenter and system restore are also system
                                    software.
                                    Software
                                    System
                                    Software
                                    Programming
                                    Software
                                    Application
                                    Software

                                    Programming Software
                                    It includes tools in form of programs or applications that software developers take in use to create,
                                    debug, maintain and support other programs and applications. Compiler, debugger, interpreter, linker
                                    and text editor are the parts programming software.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      \n
                                    1. Compiler
                                      They convert high level language program into low level language program.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    2. Assembler
                                      They convert assembly language program into low level language programs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    3. Interpreter
                                      It processes high level language line by line and simultaneously produce low level programs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    4. Linker
                                      Most low-level language allow the developer to develop large program containing multiple
                                      modules. Linker arranges the object code of all the modules that have been generated by
                                      the language translator into single program.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    5. Debugger
                                      It is a software that is used to detect the errors and bugs in programs. It locates the position
                                      of errors in the program codes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    6. Text editor
                                      It is a program that allows user to work with texts in a computer system. It is used for
                                      documentation purpose and enables us to edit information present in existing document or
                                      file.
                                      Example: C, C++, C#, BASIC, Java, Python, etc.
                                      Application Software
                                      It is a program of group of programs designed for individual users. It allows end-users to accomplish one
                                      or more specific non-computer related task.
                                      Example: Word processor, presentation software, data management system, desktop publisher, web
                                      browsers, etc.

                                      Program vs Software
                                      A software is the superset of programs in which one or many programs are executed sequentially or
                                      simultaneously to perform a particular job. It is the end product of set of programs.
                                      Example: MS-Excel
                                      A program is a combination of lines of codes which takes input works on instruction on computer to
                                      generate output. A program is the group of instructions which when performed will generate a logical
                                      output.
                                      Example: addition or subtraction operation in MS-Excel
                                      Summarizing, program is a set of instructions that are executed by computer, where as software is set of
                                      programs.
                                      Example: calculator is a software whereas addition, subtraction, etc. are set of programs that exist in the
                                      calculator
                                      Computer Virus ad Antivirus
                                      Computer Virus
                                      A computer virus is a set of malicious code or program written to alter the way a computer operates. It
                                      is usually designed to spread from computer to computer. A virus operates by inserting or attaching
                                      itself to a legitimate program or document support macros in order to execute the codes.
                                      Virus has the potential to cause unexpected or damaging effects such as harming system software by
                                      corrupting or damaging data. Once a virus successfully attach itself to a program, file or document, the
                                      virus will remain dormant until circumstances cause computer to execute its code. In order for a virus to
                                      infect any computer the infected program has to be run in order for the code to be executed.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                        \n

                                      • Signs of Computer Virus<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Frequent pop-up windows<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Changes your homepage<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Mass email being sent from your email account<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Frequent crashes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Slow computer performance
                                        Different types of Virus<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                          \n
                                        • Boot sector virus
                                          This type of virus can take control when you start or boot your computer. It spreads by plugging
                                          Flash drives.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Web scripting virus
                                          This type of virus exploits the code of web browsers and webpages. It spreads through infected
                                          webpages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Browser hijacker
                                          This type of virus hijacks certain web browser functions and might automatically be directed to
                                          unintended sites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Resident virus
                                          This is the general type of virus that inserts itself in a computer system memory. A resident virus
                                          can execute at anytime when operating system loads.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Direct-action virus
                                          This type of function comes into action when you execute a file containing a virus otherwise it
                                          remains dormant.
                                          <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Polymorphic virus
                                          A polymorphic virus changes its code each time the infected file is executed. It does this to
                                          invade antivirus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • File infector virus
                                          This common virus inserts malicious code into executable files. i.e. files used to perform certain
                                          functions or operations on a system.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Macros virus
                                          Macros virus are written in some macro language used for software application. Such virus
                                          spread when you open an infected document often through email attachment.

                                          Antivirus<\/strong>
                                          Antivirus is a type of program designed and developed to protect computer from malware like computer
                                          virus, worm, spyware, botnets, boot-kits, keylogger, etc. Antivirus function to scan, detect and remove
                                          such viruses from the computer. Most antivirus incorporate both automated and manual filtering
                                          abilities. Instant scanning option may check files downloaded from internet, disks that are embedded
                                          into PCs and files that are made by software installers.
                                          Features of Antivirus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                          Features of Antivirus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            \n
                                          1. Default deny protection
                                            It is implemented to prevent the entry of suspici ous files by default.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                          2. Auto sand-box technology
                                            A virtual environment where suspicious and unknown files are secluded and run to check for any
                                            malicious activity without interfering the normal operations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                          3. Containment technology
                                            It validates and authorizes the programs that are executable and ensure that processes are
                                            running without affecting the regular operation of the system.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                          4. Host intrusion protection system (HIPS)
                                            It terminates any malicious activity once found. This prevents malware from infecting the
                                            operating system, registry keys, personal data or the system memory.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
                                            \n


                                            Unit 6: Internet & WWW<\/strong>
                                            Introduction to Internet <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            \n
                                            \n

                                            <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            Internet is a network of networks. Millions of computer all over  the world are connected through the internet. Computer users  on the internet can contact with one another anywhere in the  world. If a computer is connected to the internet, one can  connect to millions of computers. It is very much similar to the  telephone connection where one can talk with any person  anywhere in the world. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            On the internet, a huge resource of information is accessible  to people across the world. Information in every field starting  from education, Science, Health, Medicine, History and  Geography to business, news, etc. can be retrieved from the  internet. One can also download programs and software  packages from the internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            Application of Internet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            1) Online communication: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            Computer users around the world use the E-mail services to communicate with each other  extensively. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            2) Feedback about products: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            Commercial organizations are also using the internet to gather information about the satisfaction  of existing products and market opportunities of new products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            This is usually accomplished by  putting up an interactive survey application by the organization on a WWW site on the Internet. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            3) Product promotion: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            Several commercial organizations are effectively using the internet services for promoting their  products by the use of different social networks. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            4) Customer Support Service: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            Many organizations are also using the internet to provide timely customer support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            5) Online shopping: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            The Internet has also facilitated the introduction of a new market concept, which consists of virtual  shops. These shops remain open 24 hrs all the year round and are accessible to make purchase all  around the world. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            6) On-line journals and magazines: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            There are many WWW sites on the internet, which consists of an electronic version of many  journals and magazines. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            7) Real-time updates:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            It helps to provide news and other happenings that may be on-going in different parts of the word  but with the use of the internet, we come to know about the real-time updates in every field be it  in business, sports, finance, politics, entertainment and others very easily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            Many time the decisions  are taken on the real-time updates that are happening in the various parts of the world and for this,  the internet is very essential and helpful. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            8) Research: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            In order to do research, we need to go through hundreds of books as well as the references and that  was one of the most difficult jobs to do earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            Since, the internet came into life, everything is  available in just a click. The user just has to search for the concerned topic and will get hundreds  of references that may be beneficial for the research and since, the internet is here to make research  activity easy and hence, public user can take a large amount benefit from the research work that  have been done. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            9) Education: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            Education is one of the best things that the internet can provide. There are a number of books,  reference books, online help centers, expert`s views and other study oriented material on  the internet that can make the learning process very easier as well as a fun to learn. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            10) Financial Transaction: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            It is a term which is used when there is an exchange of money. With the use of internet in the  financial transaction, the work has become a lot easier. Payments, Funds transfer, banking  transactions can be done through on-line banking service. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            11) Entertainment: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            The Internet is also used for entertainment. Such as chatting with friends, sharing videos, watching  movies, listening music, live telecast of sports and other events, playing games, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            12) Job Search: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            Using internet, searching job has become an easier task. There are an endless amount of websites  on the internet that provided news about a vacancy in various post as required. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                            13) Blogging: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                            There are many people who are very much interested in writing blogs and for them the internet is  the best place. They can not only write blogs as per their wish but can also publicize their work so  that their work reaches to most of the people and they get appreciated. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

                                            \n

                                            Positive and Negative Impact of Internet<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
                                            \n\n\n\n

                                            The positive impacts of internet to the society, organization and individual are:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
                                              \n
                                            1. Faster, cheaper and easier medium of communication.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            2. Information sharing and browsing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            3. File transferring facility.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            4. Reach to the worldwide viewers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            5. Effective, easier, faster and cheaper promotion of product or service.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            6. Better customer support and customer relationship management (CRM).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            7. Online services like banking, shopping, education, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            8. E-mail communication for sending and receiving an electronic document.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            9. Enhanced collaboration between different organizations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            10. Electronic payment system using credit \/debit cards, ATM, online payment, electronic cheque, smart card, electronic purse, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            11. Newsgroups for instant sharing of news and feedback system.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            12. Creation of new job opportunities related with the internet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            13. Source for entertainment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            14. Social networking for instant touch with friends and relatives.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                              Misuses of Internet \/ Negative impacts of Internet<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                              The negative impacts of internet to the society, organization and individual are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                \n
                                              1. It is the most common medium for spreading malicious software like virus, worm, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              2. It has increased piracy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              3. Pornography (uploading, publishing, viewing sexual contents in the form of text, image, audio
                                                and video).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              4. Stealing, modifying or destructing data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              5. Piracy of software, audio, video or other intellectual contents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              6. Hacking of organizational system, website, database etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              7. It is also used to harass people by sending insulting comments, making vulgar cartoons,
                                                blackmailing, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              8. Unemployment problem for the individuals not having knowledge about the Internet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              9. It has increased digital divide.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

                                                Connecting to the Internet<\/strong>
                                                Many home and small business users connect to the Internet via high-speed broadband Internet service. With broadband Internet service, your computer or mobile device usually is connected to the Internet the entire time it is powered on. Examples of broadband Internet service include cable, DSL, fiber, radio signals, and satellite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                  \n
                                                1. Cable Internet service provides high-speed Internet access through the cable television network via a cable modem<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                2. DSL (digital subscriber line) provides high-speed Internet connections using regular copper telephone lines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                3. Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) uses fiber-optic cable to provide high-speed Internet access to home and business users.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                4. Fixed wireless provides high-speed Internet connections using a dish-shaped antenna on your house or business to communicate with a tower location via radio signals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                5. A cellular radio network offers high-speed Internet connections to devices with built-in compatible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                6. A Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) network uses radio signals to provide high-speed Internet connections to compatible or properly equipped wireless computers and devices.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                7. Satellite Internet service provides high-speed Internet connections via satellite to a satellite dish that communicates with a satellite modem<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

                                                  Client Server Technology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                  Client\/Server is a term used to describe a computing model for the development of
                                                  computerized systems. This model is based on the distribution of functions between two types of independent and autonomous processors: servers and clients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                  A client is any process that requests specific services from server processes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                  A server is a process that provides requested services for clients. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                  Client and server processes can reside in the same computer or indifferent computers connected by a network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


                                                  Client Server Architecture<\/strong>
                                                  The client server architecture has two major components; the client and the server.
                                                  \u2022 The Server is where all the processing, computing and data handling is happening, whereas he Client is where the user can access the services and resources given by the Server (Remote
                                                  Server).
                                                  \u2022 The clients can make requests from the Server, and the Server will respond accordingly.
                                                  \u2022 Generally, there is only one server that handles the remote side. But to be on the safe side, we do use multiple servers will load balancing techniques <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                  Intranet
                                                  <\/strong>\u2022 An Intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet protocols, network connectivity,
                                                  and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organization\u2019s
                                                  information or operations with its employees.
                                                  \u2022 It uses the same concepts and technologies of the Internet (clients and servers) running on the TCP\/IP protocol suite. HTTP, FTP and SMTP are very commonly used.
                                                  \u2022 Intranet Web servers differ from public Web servers in that the public must have the proper
                                                  permissions and passwords to access the intranet of an organization.
                                                  \u2022 Intranets are designed to permit users who have access privileges to the internal LAN of the
                                                  organization.
                                                  \u2022 Within an intranet, Web servers are installed in the network. Browser technology is used as the common front end to access information on servers such as financial, graphical, or text-based data.
                                                  Advantages<\/strong>
                                                  \u2022 Intranets help employees to quickly locate information and applications relevant to their
                                                  roles and responsibilities.
                                                  \u2022 Standard interface, allowing \u201caccess from anywhere\u201d.
                                                  \u2022 Can serve as a powerful tool for communication within an organization.
                                                  \u2022 Permits information to be published.
                                                  Disadvantages<\/strong>
                                                  \u2022 Management does need to stop control of specific information, this problem can be
                                                  minimized but with appropriate prudence.
                                                  \u2022 The other disadvantage of Intranet is security issue
                                                  \u2022 Intranet gathered everything in one location which is really good but if it is not prearranged
                                                  then you will spoil everything.
                                                  \u2022 The cost of intranet is very high but has lots of advantages after implementing
                                                  Extranet<\/strong>
                                                  \u2022 An Extranet is a private network that uses Internet protocols, network connectivity, and possibly the public communication system to securely share part of an organization\u2019s information or operations with suppliers, partners, customers, or other businesses.
                                                  \u2022 It can be viewed as part of a company\u2019s Intranet that is extended to users outside the company.
                                                  \u2022 It is \u201ca private internet over the Internet\u201d. It is used to designate \u201cprivate parts\u201d of a website.
                                                  Only registered users can navigate.
                                                  \u2022 It requires security and privacy.

                                                  Advantages:
                                                  \u2022 Can improve organization productivity.
                                                  \u2022 Allows information to be viewed at times convenient for external
                                                  \u2022 Information can be updated instantly.
                                                  \u2022 Authorized users have immediate access to latest information.
                                                  \u2022 Can improve relationships with customers<\/p>\n\n\n\n


                                                  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                  UNIT-1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEMContents: Introduction to Computer, Characteristics, Applications and Classification of Computer, Mobile Computing, Anatomy of a Digital Computer, Computer Architecture, Memory and its Classification, Input and Output Devices, Interfaces. 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